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VIE架构实务搭建路径拆除步骤与开曼优势

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在跨境融资境外上市及集团架构重组中开曼公司与BVI company长期被大量中国企业采用李嘉诚曾重组旗下集团公司并将重组后的企业注册地点由香港迁移至开曼群岛;Country Garden、Shimao Real Estate、李宁、Anta、Xtep,以及百度、Alibaba、focus media、Renren、奇虎360等知名企业也均采用过开曼注册安排

从国际资本市场实践看全球最大的25家银行均在开曼设有子公司或分支机构。over the past 20 years,内地赴港上市且资产规模位居前50的家族企业中,A total of 44 companies are registered in the Cayman Islands。2009Year,香港上市公司共1145家其中388家注册于开曼;2010年前8个月,44家企业在香港上市其中31家为开曼注册公司

对于计划搭建VIE架构开展境外融资或推进海外上市的企业而言理解开曼公司BVI公司与境内运营实体之间的功能分工是进行合规架构设计的关键

什么是VIE架构

VIE(Variable Interest Entity)即“可变利益实体”又称“协议控制”其核心是外国投资者通过一系列协议安排控制境内运营实体在不直接收购境内运营实体股权的情况下取得境内运营实体的经济利益

The VIE structure is usually used by foreign investors to invest in operating entities in areas where foreign investment is restricted or prohibited in China.。at the same time,VIE架构也是该等境内运营实体实现境外上市时常见的投资架构

目前较为公认的市场实践是,2000年新浪赴美上市时首次创立了VIE模式该模式获得美国GAPP认可并由此形成了“VIE会计准则”。thereafter,VIE架构被大量计划赴境外上市的中国公司借鉴并采用

VIE架构产生的主要原因

企业搭建VIE架构主要是为了绕开以下三类限制

  1. 中国注册公司直接赴境外上市存在障碍on the one hand,纽交所港交所等境外交易所接受的注册地通常不包括中国;on the other hand,即使境外交易所接受中国注册公司上市中国公司赴境外上市仍需取得中国证券监管部门审批同意除H股外此前赴境外上市并获得中国监管部门审批同意的概率较低
  2. 中国大陆对部分行业存在外资准入限制包括互联网通信(TMT)在内的部分行业存在外资进入限制。Theoretically,境外注册公司可以通过外资入股方式控制中国境内经营实体即由WFOE直接股权投资中国大陆内资公司但由于部分内资公司所处行业受到外资准入限制因此需要通过一系列协议安排锁定WFOE及其境外股东对境内公司经营权的控制并满足境外交易所上市要求
  3. 《10号令》对关联并购形成限制2006Year,中国商务部等六部委联合发布《关于外国投资者并购境内企业的规定》(简称“《10号令》”)其中关于“关联并购”的规定被业界视为收紧了中国境内企业间接赴境外上市的审批要求而关联并购方式曾是中国境内企业境外融资常用的交易架构

由于《10号令》颁布后,Few companies have obtained approval from the Ministry of Commerce for “related-party mergers and acquisitions”,一些并非处于外资投资限制行业的企业也开始尝试通过VIE方式搭建境外融资架构以避免其境外融资架构需按照《10号令》报送中国商务部审批

VIE架构的搭建路径

VIE架构的搭建通常包括以下几个关键步骤

  1. 国内创始人股东设立offshore company国内创始人股东通常会设立离岸公司例如BVI公司。Generally speaking,每位股东可分别设立一家独立离岸公司BVI company registration相对简单保密性较高有利于未来收益安排税务规划以及股权转让的灵活处理
  2. 在开曼设立上市主体开曼公司通常作为境外上市主体使用开曼公司具备免税优势并采用英美法系制度。Britain、新(新西兰)以及香港均属于英美法系体系因此开曼架构更容易被国际资本市场理解和接受
  3. 由开曼公司设立Hong Kong company香港公司在集团架构中可为税务筹划及未来资本重组提供便利通常作为连接开曼上市主体与境内业务主体的重要中间层
  4. 由香港公司在境内设立外商独资企业香港公司在中国境内设立外商独资企业,i.e. WFOE company。WFOE通常作为实施对内地经营公司协议控制的签约主体
  5. WFOE与境内内资公司签署控制协议境内外资公司与内资公司签订一系列协议常见文件包括《股权质押协议》《业务经营协议》《独家咨询和服务协议》《借款协议》《委托管理协议》《股东委托投票代理协议》《独家选择权协议》等

VIE架构的拆除步骤

2014Year,暴风影音拆除VIE架构并登陆A股市场创造了显著的市值表现也推动了一批中概股拆除VIE架构回归A股的市场热潮

从实务角度看VIE架构拆除大致可分为以下四个步骤

  1. 由内资方对WFOE公司进行全资收购使其转变为内资企业
  2. 对外资持有的股份进行回购
  3. 解除相关协议控制安排
  4. 完成境外公司的注销

注册开曼群岛公司的核心优势

在VIE架构境外上市主体搭建及跨境控股安排中开曼群岛公司具备较高的市场认可度和架构适配性主要优势包括

  1. 注册程序相对简单仅需一位股东、a director,且股东和董事可由同一人担任
  2. 注册资本为50000美金且无需验资
  3. 如公司业务经营地不在当地可无需在当地缴税并可使用开曼公司投资国内
  4. 股东资料具备较高保密性
  5. 公司名称选择相对自由
  6. 市场知名度高内地大型民营企业巨头及部分国企如阿里巴巴、Baidu、Jingdong、China Unicom、Sina、联想等其注册地也位于开曼群岛
  7. Cayman Islands offshore companies can choose to issue registered or bearer shares,记名股票与不记名股票之间可以相互交换
  8. 适用于公司架构搭建集团重组并有利于推进海外上市

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Liang Haosen

Owned by Liang Haosen 13 Years of experience in international corporate structure and offshore company services。He once served as a senior consultant in a well-known corporate secretarial service organization in Hong Kong,Responsible for designing the optimal offshore entity structure for clients、Prepare BVI company registration materials、Monitor director and shareholder documents to comply with local regulatory requirements,And ensure that the economic substance declaration documents and annual compliance reports are complete。Liang Haosen is familiar with the economic substance requirements of multiple jurisdictions、Corporate governance structure document preparation and official registry communication process,Particularly good at customizing robust overseas company solutions for cross-border holding and investment structure clients。

Areas of expertise:BVI registration、Economic substance declaration、corporate governance structure、Multi-jurisdictional requirements。

Previous institutions:Hong Kong local corporate secretarial service agency & International Corporate Services Company

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